In January 2024, epidemiologists at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine published a major peer-reviewed research paper into civilian harm in Gaza in The Lancet. It concluded that deaths from violence among Palestinians may have been underestimated by more than 40 percent.

The research built on and specifically referenced work published by Airwars in July 2024 comparing names of victims identified through open source documentation with official lists of victims produced by Palestinian authorities in Gaza.

“Our use of scraped social media data extends previous efforts by Airwars, a casualty tracking organisation, who found that during the first 3 weeks of the Israeli military operation, 75% of publicly reported decedents also appeared on the MoH list5 (by contrast, we found an overlap of 54% or 1721 of 3190 during the entire study period),” the study said.

Below are a sample of incidents included in the original Airwars study, ‘One Name, Two Lists’. All incidents published by Airwars include a final stage where names are checked against Ministry of Health lists. These can be navigated in our archive using the ‘Victim names matched with MoH ID’ filter.